Localised bifurcation in soft cylindrical tubes under axial stretching and surface tension

• Beading of soft tubes under surface tension is studied as a localization problem. Bifurcation conditions are presented for general strain-energy function. Further insight into the post-bifurcation behaviour provided. Theoretical predictions verified by numerical simulations. We investigate localised bulging or necking in an incompressible, hyperelastic cylindrical tube axial stretching and tension. Three cases considered which subjected to different constraints. In case 1 inner outer surfaces traction-free tension, whilst 2 3 (respectively) fixed prevent radial displacement However, each free these latter two still first state analytical bifurcation localisation then validate them numerically determining whether preferred over periodic modes. It shown that solution unattainable but possible favourable 3. contrast, any must necessarily take form mode with non-zero wave number. Our results validated using Finite Element Method (FEM)